Shape from focus based on 3D structure tensor using optical microscopy

Shape from focus (SFF) is a widely used passive optical method for 3D shape reconstruction. In SFF, a focus measure, which is used to estimate the relative focus level, plays a critical role in depth estimation. In this article, we present a new focus measure for accurate 3D shape estimation in optical microscopy based on the analysis of 3D structure tensor. First, the 3D tensors are computed from the input image sequence for each pixel. Then, each tensor is decomposed into point, curve, and surface tensors by decomposing tensors into eigenvalues and eigenvectors. Finally, the surfaceness is used to measure the quality of sharpness. The proposed focus measure provides accurate focus values and better resistance against noise. The proposed measure is evaluated by conducting experiments using image sequences of simulated and microscopic real objects. The comparative analysis demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed focus measure in recovering 3D shape.     

The attitudes of French and Spanish winegrowers towards the use of cover crops in vineyards

Vineyards are an intensive cultivation system and expose the soil to long-lasting stress. Many vineyard areas already show high degrees of soil degradation. To prevent further soil erosion, cover crops, which have various positive effects on the environment, are highly recommended. But, depending on the climatic conditions, cover crops can reduce grape yields and are sometimes more work intensive than bare soil management. In some areas cover crops are already widespread while in others bare soil is dominant. In this qualitative study, we explore the attitudes of European winegrowers towards cover crops and determine the background for differences in the adoption of greened vineyards. Thus, we conducted focus groups with winegrowers in two different regions, namely Coteaux du Layon in France and Montilla-Moriles in Spain. In this setting, the transregional differences are mainly based on the climatic conditions but also on different business structures and knowledge levels. Direct sellers seem to be more attentive to the environment and use cover crops more often than farmers which sell their grapes to cooperatives.     

Digital inclusion of people with disabilities: a qualitative study of intra-disability diversity in the digital realm

ABSTRACT

This paper presents an in-depth study of intra-disability diversity in the digital realm and the related role of individuality and selectiveness in the digital choices and experiences of people with disabilities (PwD). The study adopts the interactionist model of disability and problematises conceptual uniformity in research that focuses on the medical and socially-constructed features of disability as those determining digital constraints and affordances for PwD. Through primary qualitative evidence, it argues that individuality and selectiveness shape a complex terrain of intra-disability diversity, which forms the nuances and experiences of digital inclusion for PwD. Thus, it invites researchers to move beyond disability-fixed categorisations and offers a 3-tier recommendation for future research to explain the range of PwD’ perceptions and experiences in the digital realm.     

Fuzzy Based Hybrid Focus Value Estimation for Multi Focus Image Fusion

Due to limited depth-of-field of digital single-lens reflex cameras, the scene content within a limited distance from the imaging plane remains in focus while other objects closer to or further away from the point of focus appear as blurred (out-of-focus) in the image. Multi-Focus Image Fusion can be used to reconstruct a fully focused image from two or more partially focused images of the same scene. In this paper, a new Fuzzy Based Hybrid Focus Measure (FBHFM) for multi-focus image fusion has been proposed. Optimal block size is very critical step for multi-focus image fusion. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm has been used to find optimal size of the block of the images for extraction of focus measure features. After finding optimal blocks, three focus measures Sum of Modified Laplacian, Gray Level Variance and Contrast Visibility has been extracted and combined these focus measures by using intelligent fuzzy technique. Fuzzy based hybrid intelligent focus values were estimated using contrast visibility measure to generate focused image. Different sets of multi-focus images have been used in detailed experimentation and compared the results with state-of-the-art existing techniques such as Genetic Algorithm (GA), Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Laplacian Pyramid discrete wavelet transform (DWT), and aDWT for image fusion. It has been found that proposed method performs well as compare to existing methods.

     

Multidirectional focus measure for accurate three-dimensional shape recovery of microscopic objects

Shape from focus (SFF) is a technique to recover the shape of an object from multiple images taken at various focus settings. Most of conventional SFF techniques compute focus value of a pixel by applying one of focus measure operators on neighboring pixels on the same image frame. However, in the optics with limited depth of field, neighboring pixels of an image have different degree of focus for curved objects, thus the computed focus value does not reflect the accurate focus level of the pixel. Ideally, an accurate focus value of a pixel needs to be measured from the neighboring pixels lying on tangential plane of the pixel in image space. In this article, a tangential plane on each pixel location (i, j) in image sensor is searched by selecting one of five candidate planes based on the assumption that the maximum variance of focus values along the optical axis is achieved from the neighborhood lying on tangential plane of the pixel (i, j). Then, a focus measure operator is applied on neighboring pixels lying on the searched plane. The experimental results on both the synthetic and real microscopic objects show the proposed method produces more accurate three-dimensional shape in comparison to conventional SFF method that applies focus measures on original image planes.     

关于当前建筑市场的缺陷与国有建安企业低效率综合症的辩证思考

本文针对中国目前建筑市场与国有建安企业发展中的矛盾和联系，运用唯物辩证法分析、探讨其客观存在发展趋势、表面特征与内在联系，并在此基础上提出若干建议与呼吁，供关注中国建筑业发展的人员参考。     

CCD技术在测控天线标校望远镜中的应用

通过对传统标校望远镜的原理和结构分析,阐述了传统标校望远镜的缺点和不足之处.创新的提出运用电荷耦合元件(CCD)和自动调焦技术在测控天线标校望远镜中的应用,进一步对CCD和自动调焦技术进行分析论证;改造完成后,反复进行试验验证其可行性.最后,对改造后的新式望远镜与传统标校望远镜坞内标定方法和数据进行比较分析.试验分析表明,改进后的新式标校望远镜具有标定精度高、操作便捷的特点,实现了远程控制望远镜的高精度调焦控制功能.     

LDS激光打标机的振镜扫描失真分析及矫正

LDS(Laser Direct Structuring)激光打标机的振镜扫描系统存在失真问题,从而造成动态聚焦误差。对激光振镜扫描系统失真问题进行了详细理论分析,建立了该振镜扫描系统的数学模型,讨论了振镜动态聚焦误差来源和误差表现,提出了LDS振镜扫描系统误差矫正方法,通过实验验证了该方法的可行性。     

基于光场成像的三维测量方法的研究

光场有别于传统图像,不仅具有位置信息而且包含方向信息,为空间场景重建提供了可能。首先对光场成像技术进行光场变换建模,建立了像素光场模型,并提出光场变换准则,为光场重聚焦奠定基础。然后借鉴传统的对焦测距思想,建立了光场三维测量的方法,选择合适光场数据的清晰度评价函数评价成像质量,提出三角质心插值方法优化光场重建质量。最后,对光场三维测量系统进行了标定,建立像面误差补偿算法。实验表明,测量范围10~120 cm时,测距误差小于5%。     

一种大行程自动对焦的激光辅助加工平台

为了提高激光辅助加工效率,设计一种自动对焦高精度大行程精密定位工作台。该平台的光学对焦理论以激光三角法为基础,这是典型的非接触式测量,不需要计算机的对比计算,这也是该机构精度大、误差小的原因之一。同时,该平台机构在竖直方向上的位移能够达到100μm,这是普通精密机构很难达到的。传动部分中,丝杠两端采用交叉滚子轴承作为支撑,提高机构精度和稳定性。同时,利用压电陶瓷与柔性铰链相连作为微位移驱动器,实现平台精密定位和自动对焦。对焦过程中,不同的离焦量对应不同的LED信号灯提示,同时报警器会发出相应的报警信号提醒。驱动部分应用双联机构,避免了直流电机在驱动时产生震颤的问题,很大程度上提高了对焦平台的精度和对焦效率。